Tell Me Again How When They Bust in All Them Niggars It Was Supposed to Help Me

This article treats usage of the word nigger (at present widely considered a racial slur) in reference to African Americans and others of African or mixed African and other indigenous origin in the art of Western culture and the English language.

Literature [edit]

The use of nigger in older literature has become controversial because of the word'south modern meaning as a racist insult.

In the championship [edit]

Our Nig: Sketches from the Life of a Free Black is an autobiographical novel by Harriet E. Wilson, a free Negro herself. Information technology was published in 1859^[1] and rediscovered in 1981 by literary scholar Henry Louis Gates Jr. It is believed to exist the beginning novel published by an African-American woman on the Due north American continent.^{[2] [3]}

In 1897, Joseph Conrad penned a novella titled The Nigger of the 'Narcissus', whose titular grapheme, James Look, is a W Indian black sailor on lath the merchant transport Narcissus sailing from Bombay to London. In the United States, the novel was get-go published with the title The Children of the Sea: A Tale of the Forecastle, at the insistence by the publisher, Dodd, Mead and Company, that no one would buy or read a book with the word "nigger" in its championship,^[4] not considering the discussion was accounted offensive only that a book near a black man would not sell.^[5] In 2009, WordBridge Publishing published a new edition titled The N-Word of the Narcissus, which as well excised the give-and-take "nigger" from the text. According to the publisher, the point was to get rid of the offensive word, which may accept led readers to avoid the book, and make it more accessible.^[6] Though praised in some quarters, many others denounced the change as censorship.

The writer and photographer Carl Van Vechten took the opposite view to Conrad'southward publishers when he advised the British novelist Ronald Firbank to change the championship of his 1924 novel Sorrow in Sunlight to Prancing Nigger for the American market place,^[7] and information technology became very successful there nether that title.^[8] Van Vechten, a white supporter of the Harlem Renaissance (1920s–30s), then used the word himself in his 1926 novel Nigger Heaven, which provoked controversy in the black community. Of the controversy, Langston Hughes wrote:

No book could possibly be as bad equally Nigger Heaven has been painted. And no book has e'er been better advertised past those who wished to damn it. Considering it was declared obscene, everybody wanted to read information technology, and I'll venture to say that more Negroes bought it than ever purchased a volume by a Negro writer. Then, equally at present, the use of the word nigger by a white was a flashpoint for debates about the relationship betwixt black civilisation and its white patrons.

X Piffling Niggers was the original championship of Agatha Christie'due south 1939 detective novel in the Great britain edition, named for a children'due south counting-out game familiar in England at that date. The U.Due south. edition, nonetheless, was titled And Then In that location Were None, using "Injuns" instead of "niggers" in the counting-out rhyme. Since the 1980s, the title has been inverse to So There Were None for all English editions, and the rhyme has been changed to "Ten little soldier boys".^{[ix] [10]}

Flannery O'Connor uses a black backyard jockey equally a symbol in her 1955 short story "The Artificial Nigger". American comedian Dick Gregory used the discussion in the championship of his 1964 autobiography, written during the American Civil Rights Motion. Gregory comments on his choice of title in the book'south primary dedication: "if ever you lot hear the give-and-take "nigger" again, call back they are ad my volume.^[11] Labi Siffre, the singer-songwriter all-time known for "(Something Inside) So Strong", entitled his first book of poesy simply Nigger (Xavier Books 1993). The utilize of nigger in older literature has become controversial because of the word's modern meaning as a racist insult.

Huckleberry Finn [edit]

Mark Twain's novel Adventures of Huckleberry Finn (1885) has long been the subject field of controversy for its racial content. Huckleberry Finn was the fifth well-nigh challenged book during the 1990s, according to the American Library Association.^[12] The novel is written from the indicate of view, and largely in the language, of Huckleberry Finn, an uneducated white boy, who is drifting down the Mississippi River on a raft with an adult escaped slave, Jim. The word "nigger" is used (generally about Jim) over 200 times.^{[13] [fourteen]} Twain's advocates^{[ who? ]} note that the novel is equanimous in then-contemporary vernacular usage, not racist stereotype, considering Jim, the black man, is a sympathetic character.

In 2011, a new edition published by NewSouth Books replaced the word "nigger" with "slave" and also removed the word "injun". The change was spearheaded by Twain scholar Alan Gribben in the hope of "countering the 'pre-emptive censorship'" that results from the volume'southward existence removed from schoolhouse curricula over linguistic communication concerns.^{[15] [sixteen]} The changes sparked outrage from critics Elon James, Alexandra Petrie and Chris Meadows.^[17]

British literary usage [edit]

"How the Leopard Got His Spots"

Several tardily-nineteenth- and early-twentieth-century British literary usages suggest neutral usage. The pop Victorian era amusement, the Gilbert and Sullivan operetta The Mikado (1885), twice uses the word nigger. In the song As some mean solar day it may happen, the executioner, Ko-ko, sings of executing the "nigger serenader and the others of his race", referring to white singers with their faces blacked singing minstrel songs. In the song A more than humane Mikado, the Mikado sings of the punishment for older women who dye their hair or wear corsets, to be "Blacked like a nigger/With permanent walnut juice." Both lyrics are usually inverse for mod performances.^[eighteen]

The word "nigger" appears in children'southward literature. "How the Leopard Got His Spots", in the Simply So Stories (1902) by Rudyard Kipling, tells of an Ethiopian man and a leopard, both originally sand-colored, deciding to camouflage themselves with painted spots, for hunting in tropical wood. The story originally included a scene wherein the leopard (now spotted) asks the Ethiopian homo why he does not want spots. In contemporary editions of "How the Leopard Got His Spots", the Ethiopian'due south original answer ("Oh, plain blackness's best for a nigger") has been edited to, "Oh, plain black'south all-time for me." The counting rhyme known as "Eenie Meenie Mainee, Mo" has been attested from 1820, with many variants; when Kipling included it every bit "A Counting-Out Song" in Land and Ocean Tales for Scouts and Guides (1923), he gave as its second line, "Catch a nigger past the toe!" This version became widely used for much of the twentieth century; the rhyme is yet in utilise, but the 2nd line at present uses "tiger" instead.

The word "nigger" is used by the child characters in some of the Swallows and Amazons series, written in the 1930s past Arthur Ransome, e.g. in referring to how the (white) characters appear in photographic negatives ("Look similar niggers to me") in The Big 6, and as a synonym for black pearls in Peter Duck. Editions published by Puffin after Ransome's death changed the word to 'negroes'.

The first Jeeves novel, Thank You, Jeeves (1934), features a minstrel show as a meaning plot point. Bertie Wooster, who is trying to learn to play the banjo, is in admiration of their artistry and music. P. G. Wodehouse has the repeated phrase "nigger minstrels" but on the lips of Wooster and his peers; the manservant Jeeves uses the more genteel "Negroes".

In short story "The Basement Room" (1935), by Graham Greene, the (sympathetic) servant character, Baines, tells the admiring boy, son of his employer, of his African British colony service, "You wouldn't believe it now, but I've had xl niggers under me, doing what I told them to". Replying to the boy's question: "Did you e'er shoot a nigger?" Bains answers: "I never had any call to shoot. Of course I carried a gun. But yous didn't need to treat them bad, that just fabricated them stupid. Why, I loved some of those dammed niggers." The cinematic version, The Fallen Idol (1948), directed by Carol Reed, replaced this usage with "natives".^{[ citation needed ]}

In Paul Temple (1940) [Track 15] ^[19] by Francis Durbridge the phrase "he worked like a nigger" is used without any apparent further context.

Virginia Woolf, in her 1941 posthumously-published novel Betwixt the Acts, wrote "Down amid the bushes she worked like a nigger." The phrase is non dialogue from one of the characters, nor is information technology in the context of expressing a indicate of view of one of the characters.^[20] Woolf's usage of racist slurs has been examined in diverse academic writings.^[21]

The Reverend W. V. Awdry'southward The Railway Series (1945–72) story Henry'due south Sneeze, originally described soot-covered boys with the phrase "as blackness as niggers".^[22] In 1972, subsequently complaints, the clarification was edited to "as blackness as soot", in the subsequent editions.^[22] Awdry is known for Thomas the Tank Engine (1946).

Music [edit]

The folk song "Oh! Susanna" by Stephen Foster had originally been written in four verses. The 2d verse describes an industrial blow which "kill'd 5 hundred Nigger" by electrocution.

The 1932 British song "The Sun Has Got His Hat On" originally included the line "He'south been tanning niggers out in Timbuktu" (where "He" is the dominicus). Modern recordings substitute other lines.

The Bohemian composer Antonín Dvořák wrote the Cord Quartet No. 12 in 1893 during his time in the Us. For its presumed clan with African-American music, the quartet was referred to until the 1950s with nicknames such as "Negro Quartet" and "Nigger Quartet" earlier being chosen the "American Quartet".

The S African song "Ag Pleez Deddy" by Jeremy Taylor, released in 1962, includes in its chorus a mention of "Nigger balls", a type of gobstopper, as i of a serial of consumer products coveted by the young white South Africans who are the vocal's focus. The song was banned by the South African Broadcasting Corporation, but this was because its mixing of English and Afrikaans language was considered to violate the principles of apartheid.^[23] In the longer term, the mention of "Nigger balls" became more controversial: when Oxford Academy Press'southward A New Book of South African Verse in English was published in 1979, the term "acid-drops" was substituted;^{[23] [24]} and when later singing the song in the United States, Taylor substituted "sugar balls".^[25]

In the 1960s, record producer J. D. "Jay" Miller published pro-racial segregation music, with the "Reb Rebel" characterization featuring racist songs by Johnny Insubordinate and others, demeaning black Americans and the Civil Rights Motility.^[26] The land music artist David Allan Coe used the racial terms "redneck", "white trash", and "nigger" in the songs "If That Ain't Country, I'll Kiss Your Ass" and "Nigger Fucker".^{[ citation needed ]}

In 1972 John Lennon and Yoko Ono used the discussion in both the championship and in the chorus of their song "Woman Is the Nigger of the Earth", which was released as both a single and a rails on their album "Sometime in New York Metropolis."^[27]

Mick Jagger used the word in The Rolling Stones' song "Sugariness Black Angel" from the 1972 album Exile on Primary St.

On Bob Marley and the Wailers' 1973 song "Get Up, Stand Up", Marley can be heard singing the line, "Don't be a nigger in your neighborhood" during the outro.

Stevie Wonder used the word in the album version (but non the single version) of his 1973 song "Living for the Urban center."

In 1975 Betty Davis used the give-and-take in her vocal "F.U.N.K."; Bob Dylan used the word in his song "Hurricane".^[28]

In 1978 Patti Smith used the give-and-take prominently in her song "Rock N Curlicue Nigger".

The punk band the Dead Kennedys used the word in their 1980 vocal "Holiday in Cambodia" in the line, "Bragging that you lot know how the niggers feel cold and the slum's got so much soul". The context is a department mocking champagne socialists. Rap groups such as North.W.A (Niggaz with Attitudes) re-popularized the usage in their songs. One of the earliest uses of the discussion in hip hop was in the vocal "New York New York" by Grandmaster Flash and the Furious Five in 1983. Responding to accusations of racism afterward referring to "niggers" in the lyrics of the 1988 Guns N' Roses vocal, "Ane in a Million", Axl Rose stated: "I was pissed off virtually some black people that were trying to rob me. I wanted to insult those particular black people. I didn't want to support racism."^[29]

While not directly used in the lyrics, the American metal band Eyehategod released a vocal titled "White Nigger" in 1993.^[30]

The term white nigger is also used in music, including in Elvis Costello's 1979 song "Oliver's Army".

Since the 2010s the discussion nigger has been used with increasing frequency^[31] by African Americans among themselves or in self-expression, the nearly mutual swear word in hip hop music lyrics.^[32] As a result, it is a word that is heard daily by millions of all races worldwide who listen to uncensored hip hop and other music genres, while being socially unacceptable for anyone merely African Americans to utter. Ta-Nehisi Coates has suggested that it continues to exist unacceptable for people who are not of African ancestry to utter the word nigger while singing or rapping along to hip-hop, and that by existence and then restrained it gives White Americans (specifically) a taste of what it's like to non exist entitled to "do anything they please, anywhere". Counterpoint to this standpoint is the open up question of whether daily, frequent exposure past not-Black Americans to African Americans using the word will inevitably lead to a dilution of the extremely negative perception of the give-and-take among the majority of non-Black Americans that currently consider its use unacceptable and shocking.^[33]

Sardonic grindcore band Anal Cunt released a song titled "Beating Up Niggers that Sell Fake Crack", which likewise contains references to the word "nigger" in the lyrics. The vocal appeared part of the band's final anthology Wearing Out Our Welcome, released soon subsequently the death of the band's frontman Seth Putnam.^[34]

In 1992, the Swedish crossover band Clawfinger had a hit single with the championship Nigger. The lyrics criticized the self-derogatory nature of that word's usage by black people. The controversial song besides appeared on their start album Deafened Dumb Bullheaded, in 1992 and on their demos from 1990.

Theater [edit]

The musical Show Boat, which subverts anti-miscegenation laws, from 1927 until 1946 features the word "nigger" as originally integral to the lyrics of "Ol' Human River" and "Cotton Flower"; although deleted from the cinema versions, it is included in the 1988 EMI recording of the original score. Musical theatre historian Miles Kreuger and usher John McGlinn suggest that the word was non an insult, but a blunt analogy of how white people then perceived black people.

Bernardine Evaristo used the word as the championship her beginning play as a student, which the and then caput of Rose Bruford College said "was the best piece of theatre he'd ever seen". She went on to found the Theatre of Blackness Women and in 2020 became President of her alm mater. Evaristo recalled her educatee production on Desert Island Discs decades later:

Information technology was actually short and it was basically an explosion of rage. It was chosen the N word. And I jumped onto the stage and I shouted that word out really loudly. And and so I say something like 'Too black, not blackness enough, also white, not white plenty' and so some other things and then jump off the phase. So it was actually short. And it was probably very powerful. He probably hadn't seen anything like information technology before. It really was a very vicious word then. And I was basically saying, this is how I'm seen. This is what I might be called. But where do I stand because I'thou a mixed race person. Non a very sophisticated piece of theatre, but punchy.^[35]

The Moore'south Ford lynchings, as well known as the 1946 Georgia lynching, has been commemorated since 2005 with a yearly re-enactment. According to a volunteer actor playing one of the victims, this living memorial "consist[due south] largely of older white men calling him "nigger," tying a noose around his neck, and pretending to shoot him repeatedly"^[36]

Movie theatre [edit]

One of Horace Ové's start films was Baldwin's Nigger (1968), in which 2 African Americans, novelist James Baldwin and comedian Dick Gregory, talk over Black experience and identity in U.k. and the United States.^[37] Filmed at the West Indian Students' Eye in London, the flick documents a lecture by Baldwin and a question-and-reply session with the audience.^{[38] [39]}

Mel Brooks' 1974 satirical Western film Blazing Saddles used the term repeatedly. In The Kentucky Fried Movie (1977), the sequence titled "Danger Seekers" features a stuntman performing the dangerous human activity of shouting "Niggers!" at a group of blackness people, then fleeing when they take chase.

Stanley Kubrick's critically acclaimed 1987 war film Full Metal Jacket depicts black and white U.Southward. Marines enduring boot campsite and later fighting together in Vietnam. "Nigger" is used past soldiers of both races in jokes and as expressions of bravado ("put a nigger backside the trigger", says the blackness Corporal "Eightball"), with racial differences amid the men seen every bit secondary to their shared exposure to the dangers of combat: Gunnery Sergeant Hartman (R. Lee Ermey) says, "At that place is no racial bigotry here. I do not look downward on niggers, kikes, wops or greasers. Here you are all as worthless."

Gayniggers from Outer Space, a 1992 English-language Danish short blaxploitation parody, features black homosexual male aliens who commit gendercide to costless the men of Globe from female oppression. Die Hard with a Vengeance (1995) featured a scene where villain Simon Gruber (Jeremy Irons) required New York City Police Section Lt. John McClane (Bruce Willis) to article of clothing a sandwich lath reading "I hate niggers" while standing on a street corner in predominantly-black Harlem, resulting in McClane meeting Zeus Carver (Samuel L. Jackson) every bit Carver rescued McClane from existence attacked by neighborhood toughs.

American filmmaker Quentin Tarantino has been criticized^[twoscore] for the heavy usage of the discussion nigger in his films, especially Jackie Chocolate-brown (1997), where the word is used 38 times^[41] and Django Unchained (2012), used 110 times.^[42]

The Dam Busters [edit]

During Earth War II, a dog named Nigger, a blackness Labrador belonged to Regal Air Forcefulness Fly Commander Guy Gibson.^[43] In 1943, Gibson led the successful Operation Chastise assault on dams in Nazi Germany. The dog's name was used as a single codeword whose transmission conveyed that the Möhne dam had been breached. In Michael Anderson'south 1955 picture The Dam Busters, based on the raid, the canis familiaris was portrayed in several scenes; his name and the codeword were mentioned several times. Some of these scenes were sampled in Alan Parker's 1982 film Pinkish Floyd – The Wall.^[44]

In 1999, British television receiver network ITV circulate a censored version with each of the twelve^[45] utterances of Nigger deleted. Replying to complaints against its censorship, ITV blamed the regional broadcaster, London Weekend Television, which, in turn, blamed a inferior employee as the unauthorised censor. In June 2001, when ITV re-broadcast the censored version of The Dam Busters, Index on Censorship criticised it as "unnecessary and ridiculous" censorship breaking the continuity of the picture show and the story.^[46] In January 2012, the flick was shown uncensored on ITV4, but with a alarm at the start that the flick contained racial terms from the historical period which some people could notice offensive. Versions edited for US television have the dog's proper name altered to "Trigger".^[45]

In 2008, New Zealand filmmaker Peter Jackson appear that he was spearheading a remake. Screenwriter Stephen Fry said there was "no question in America that you could always have a dog called the Due north-give-and-take". In the unrealized remake, the dog was to be renamed "Digger".^[47]

Stand-up comedy [edit]

Some comedians have broached the subject, often in the form of social commentary.^{[ citation needed ]} This was perhaps most famously done^{[ when? ]} by stand up-upwardly comedian Chris Rock in his "Niggas vs. Blackness People" routine.^[48] Richard Pryor used the word extensively before pledging to remove information technology from his lexicon, having had a change of heart during a trip to Africa.^{[ citation needed ] [49] [50]}

References [edit]

1. ^ Wilson, Harriet E. (2004) [1859]. Our Nig: Sketches From The Life Of A Free Blackness. Kessinger Publishing. ISBN 1-4000-3120-6. Retrieved February 15, 2008.
2. ^ Interview with Henry Louis Gates (mp3) Archived May 19, 2011, at the Wayback Machine. Gates and a literary critic discuss Our Nig, Wired for Books
3. ^ Our Nig: Sketches from the Life of a Free Black, Geo. C. Rand and Avery, 1859.
4. ^ Orr, Leonard (1999). A Joseph Conrad Companion. Greenwood Press. ISBN978-0-313-29289-seven.
5. ^ "Children of the Sea|The – Sumner & Stillman". Sumnerandstillman.com. December one, 2006. Archived from the original on January 4, 2013. Retrieved July 13, 2012.
6. ^ Joseph Conrad (Dec 2009). The N-discussion of the Narcissus. Foreword by Ruben Alvarado. WorldBridge. ISBN9789076660110.
7. ^ Bernard, Emily (2012). Carl Van Vechten and the Harlem Renaissance . Yale Academy Printing. p. 79. ISBN9780300183290.
8. ^ Jocelyn Brooke. "Novels of Ronald Firbank by Jocelyn Brooke". ourcivilisation.com.
9. ^
10. ^ Pendergast, Bruce (2004). Everyman's Guide To The Mysteries Of Agatha Christie. Victoria, BC: Trafford Publishing. p. 393. ISBN978-i-4120-2304-7.
11. ^ "Dick Gregory Global Watch - Nearly Dick Gregory". Dickgregory.com. 1932-10-12. Archived from the original on 2007-06-17. Retrieved 2013-10-08 .
12. ^ "100 most frequently challenged books: 1990–1999". ala.org. March 27, 2013.
13. ^ "Adventures Of Huckleberry Finn". The Complete Works of Marker Twain. Archived from the original on September 9, 2006. Retrieved March 12, 2006.
14. ^ "Academic Resources: Nigger: The Strange Career of a Troublesome Give-and-take". Random Business firm. Archived from the original on January 22, 2007. Retrieved March 13, 2006. Alt URL
15. ^ "New Huckleberry Finn edition censors 'n-word'". the Guardian. 5 January 2011.
16. ^ Twain, Marker (January 7, 2011). "'The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn' – Removing the N Discussion from Huck Finn: Superlative x Censored Books". Time. Archived from the original on January 10, 2011. Retrieved Jan 23, 2011.
17. ^ The Christian Science Monitor (Jan five, 2011). "The 'n'-word gone from Huck Finn – what would Mark Twain say?". The Christian Science Monitor.
18. ^ Michael Sragow (December 23, 1999). "The roar of the greasepaint, the odour of the crowd". Archived from the original on Feb 14, 2005. Retrieved March 13, 2006.
19. ^ Paul Temple: The Complete Radio Drove: Volume One.
20. ^ Woolf, Virginia (1949). Between the Acts. Rome: Albatross. p. 175.
21. ^ Lee, Hermione: "Virginia Woolf and Offence," in The Art of Literary Biography, Oxford Scholarship Online: October 2011; reviewed by McManus, Patricia: "The "Offensiveness" of Virginia Woolf: From a Moral to a Political Reading" in Woolf Studies Annual, vol. fourteen, Annual 2008.
22. ^ ^{a b} Sibley, Brian (1995). The Thomas the Tank Engine Man. London: Heinemann. pp. 272–5. ISBN978-0-434-96909-8.
23. ^ ^{a b} "Ag pleez Deddy won't you take us to the Equality Court". Sunday Times. 18 October 2009.
24. ^ Butler, Guy; Mann, Chris, eds. (1979). A New Volume of South African Poesy in English language . Cape Town: Oxford University Press. pp. 222–223. ISBN978-0-19-570141-viii.
25. ^ Taylor, Jeremy (2005). "Ag Pleez Deddy". River Woods, Illinois. Archived from the original on 2021-12-21. Retrieved 13 June 2020 – via YouTube.
26. ^ John Broven, South to Louisiana: The Music of the Cajun Bayous. Gretna, Louisiana: Pelican, 1983, p. 252f.
27. ^ Duston, Anne. "Lennon, Ono 45 Controversial" Billboard June 17, 1972: 65
28. ^ Mind to the lyric video of the song on YouTube
29. ^ MNeely, Kim (April 2, 1992). "Axl Rose: The RS Interview". Rolling Stone. Retrieved December 20, 2007.
30. ^ Jimmy Bower guitarist of Eyehategod interview
31. ^ Sheinin, Dave (November 9, 2014). "Redefining the Word". Washington Mail . Retrieved May 24, 2019.
32. ^ "Profanity in lyrics: most used swear words and their usage by popular genres". Musixmatch. Dec 16, 2015. Retrieved May 24, 2019.
33. ^ Bain, Marc (November 13, 2017). "Ta-Nehisi Coates Gently Explains Why White People Can't Rap the Due north-Word". Quartz . Retrieved May 24, 2019.
34. ^ "Beating Up Niggers That Sell Fake Crack". allmusic.com.
35. ^ "BBC Radio 4 - Desert Island Discs - ten things nosotros learned from Bernardine Evaristo's Desert Island Discs".
36. ^ Baker, Peter C. (Nov 2, 2016). "A lynching in Georgia: the living memorial to America's history of racist violence". The Guardian . Retrieved Feb 26, 2020.
37. ^ Horace Ové biography, BFI Screenonline.
38. ^ "Baldwin'southward Nigger (1968)" at IMDb.
39. ^ "Baldwin's Nigger (1969)", BFI Screenonline.
40. ^ Kid, Ben (October xiii, 2005). "Quentin Tarantino tells 'black critics' his race is irrelevant". The Guardian.
41. ^ "Review Django Unchained- Spaghetti southern style". The Boston Phoenix . Retrieved Dec 27, 2012.
42. ^ "Django Unchained – Audio Review". Spill.com . Retrieved December 27, 2012.
43. ^ "Warbird Photograph Anthology – Avro Lancaster Mk.I". Ww2aircraft.net. March 25, 2006. Retrieved January 23, 2011.
44. ^ "Analysis of the symbols used inside the moving-picture show, "Pink Floyd's The Wall"". Thewallanalysis.com . Retrieved January 23, 2011.
45. ^ ^{a b} Chapman, Paul (May six, 2009). "Fur flies over racist proper name of Dambuster'due south dog". The Daily Telegraph. London.
46. ^ ITV attacked over Dam Busters censorship, The Guardian, June 11, 2001
47. ^ "Dam Busters dog renamed for movie remake". BBC News. June 10, 2011.
48. ^ Julious, Britt (June 24, 2015). "The North-give-and-take might be part of pop civilization, only information technology all the same makes me blench". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved July 3, 2019.
49. ^ Danahy, Anne (April 19, 2019). "Take Note: Elizabeth Pryor On The 'Due north-Word'". radio.wpsu.org . Retrieved July 3, 2019.
50. ^ Logan, Brian (January 11, 2015). "Richard Pryor – the patron saint of standup as truth-telling". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved July three, 2019.

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Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Use_of_nigger_in_the_arts

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